The hand of Napoleon

Alternate:
Napoleon only had one hand

Current:
Napoleon had two hands

Hidden hand or missing hand?

The popular image of Napolean today is from the many paintings done of him when he was a General.

There's something about them, however, which has led many to believe that he was missing a hand, and it's all down to a fashion trend he was following in those portaits.

The idea is people are sure he was missing a hand because he is mostly seen with his right arm tucked into the middle of his shirt. Since his hand is never seen, it is assumed he either didn't have one, or the one he had was deformed and this was his way of hiding it.

In fact it turns out he was blessed with two hands but was always seen hiding one because of a tradition going back to the ancient Greeks, where it was seen as "more stately" to not have a free hand, since it prevents one from flailing it about and makes the subject appear more dignified and refined.

Hidden hand

It will seem strange to modern eyes, but fashion "poses" were a real thing for many, many years and taken very seriously.

The gesture is attributed to the ancient Greeks, where the "sport" of debating was refined by Aeschines who used it deliberately so he couldn't wildly flair about like some of his contemporaries, and so appeared more restrained, bringing more focus on his words and speech rather than animated gestures. In time, these gestures came to be seen as crude, and therefore deliberately restraining oneself from even being able to make them was seen as better etiquette.

Most of this would be lost on modern society who would only have seen the portraits, and naturally assumed he was missing a hand.

Joomla! Debug Console

6 Queries Logged 2.52 ms

Query Time: 0.27 ms Query memory: 0.023 MB Memory before query: 1.032 MB Rows returned: 0

SELECT `data`

  FROM `ref1_session`

  WHERE `session_id` = X'3735383166373439646564623166343531356564343433383735633635306631'

Explain

id	select_type	table	partitions	type	possible_keys	key	key_len	ref	rows	filtered	Extra
1	SIMPLE	ref1_session	NULL	const	PRIMARY	PRIMARY	194	const	1	100.00	NULL

Profile

Status	Duration
starting	0.05 ms
checking permissions	0.01 ms
Opening tables	0.02 ms
init	0.01 ms
System lock	0.01 ms
optimizing	0.01 ms
statistics	0.04 ms
executing	0.01 ms
end	0.00 ms
query end	0.01 ms
closing tables	0.01 ms
freeing items	0.01 ms
cleaning up	0.00 ms

Call Stack

#	Caller	File and line number
16	JDatabaseDriverMysqli->execute()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/database/driver.php:1740
15	JDatabaseDriver->loadResult()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/session/storage/database.php:45
14	JSessionStorageDatabase->read()	Same as call in the line below.
13	session_start()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/session/handler/native.php:260
12	JSessionHandlerNative->doSessionStart()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/session/handler/native.php:50
11	JSessionHandlerNative->start()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/session/handler/joomla.php:88
10	JSessionHandlerJoomla->start()	JROOT/libraries/src/Session/Session.php:661
9	Joomla\CMS\Session\Session->_start()	JROOT/libraries/src/Session/Session.php:621
8	Joomla\CMS\Session\Session->start()	JROOT/libraries/src/Session/Session.php:499
7	Joomla\CMS\Session\Session->get()	JROOT/libraries/src/Session/Session.php:456
6	Joomla\CMS\Session\Session->isNew()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:826
5	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->loadSession()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:136
4	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->__construct()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:66
3	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->__construct()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:386
2	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication::getInstance()	JROOT/libraries/src/Factory.php:140
1	Joomla\CMS\Factory::getApplication()	JROOT/index.php:46

[Add xdebug.file_link_format directive to your php.ini file to have links for files.]

Query Time: 0.14 ms After last query: 0.23 ms Query memory: 0.020 MB Memory before query: 1.046 MB Rows returned: 0

SELECT `session_id`

  FROM `ref1_session`

  WHERE `session_id` = X'3735383166373439646564623166343531356564343433383735633635306631' 
  LIMIT 1

Explain

id	select_type	table	partitions	type	possible_keys	key	key_len	ref	rows	filtered	Extra
1	SIMPLE	ref1_session	NULL	const	PRIMARY	PRIMARY	194	const	1	100.00	Using index

Profile

Status	Duration
starting	0.02 ms
checking permissions	0.01 ms
Opening tables	0.01 ms
init	0.01 ms
System lock	0.01 ms
optimizing	0.01 ms
statistics	0.02 ms
executing	0.01 ms
end	0.01 ms
query end	0.00 ms
closing tables	0.00 ms
freeing items	0.01 ms
cleaning up	0.00 ms

Call Stack

#	Caller	File and line number
9	JDatabaseDriverMysqli->execute()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/database/driver.php:1740
8	JDatabaseDriver->loadResult()	JROOT/libraries/src/Session/MetadataManager.php:74
7	Joomla\CMS\Session\MetadataManager->createRecordIfNonExisting()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:154
6	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->checkSession()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:828
5	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->loadSession()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:136
4	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->__construct()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:66
3	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->__construct()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:386
2	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication::getInstance()	JROOT/libraries/src/Factory.php:140
1	Joomla\CMS\Factory::getApplication()	JROOT/index.php:46

[Add xdebug.file_link_format directive to your php.ini file to have links for files.]

Query Time: 1.08 ms After last query: 0.07 ms Query memory: 0.004 MB Memory before query: 1.051 MB

INSERT INTO `ref1_session`
(`session_id`,`guest`,`time`,`userid`,`username`,`client_id`) 
  VALUES 
(X'3735383166373439646564623166343531356564343433383735633635306631', 1, 1713979521, 0, '', 0)

Explain

EXPLAIN not possible on query: INSERT INTO `ref1_session` (`session_id`,`guest`,`time`,`userid`,`username`,`client_id`) VALUES (X'3735383166373439646564623166343531356564343433383735633635306631', 1, 1713979521, 0, '', 0)

Profile

Status	Duration
starting	0.03 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
Opening tables	0.01 ms
init	0.01 ms
System lock	0.01 ms
update	0.46 ms
end	0.01 ms
query end	0.51 ms
closing tables	0.01 ms
freeing items	0.01 ms
cleaning up	0.01 ms

Call Stack

#	Caller	File and line number
8	JDatabaseDriverMysqli->execute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Session/MetadataManager.php:116
7	Joomla\CMS\Session\MetadataManager->createRecordIfNonExisting()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:154
6	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->checkSession()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:828
5	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->loadSession()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:136
4	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->__construct()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:66
3	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->__construct()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:386
2	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication::getInstance()	JROOT/libraries/src/Factory.php:140
1	Joomla\CMS\Factory::getApplication()	JROOT/index.php:46

[Add xdebug.file_link_format directive to your php.ini file to have links for files.]

Query Time: 0.18 ms After last query: 1.04 ms Query memory: 0.021 MB Memory before query: 1.125 MB Rows returned: 5

SELECT id, rules

  FROM `ref1_viewlevels`

Explain

id	select_type	table	partitions	type	possible_keys	key	key_len	ref	rows	filtered	Extra
1	SIMPLE	ref1_viewlevels	NULL	ALL	NULL	NO INDEX KEY COULD BE USED	NULL	NULL	5	100.00	NULL

Profile

Status	Duration
starting	0.02 ms
checking permissions	0.01 ms
Opening tables	0.01 ms
init	0.01 ms
System lock	0.01 ms
optimizing	0.00 ms
statistics	0.01 ms
preparing	0.01 ms
executing	0.00 ms
Sending data	0.03 ms
end	0.00 ms
query end	0.01 ms
closing tables	0.00 ms
freeing items	0.01 ms
cleaning up	0.01 ms

Call Stack

#	Caller	File and line number
10	JDatabaseDriverMysqli->execute()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/database/driver.php:1506
9	JDatabaseDriver->loadAssocList()	JROOT/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:1063
8	Joomla\CMS\Access\Access::getAuthorisedViewLevels()	JROOT/libraries/src/User/User.php:458
7	Joomla\CMS\User\User->getAuthorisedViewLevels()	JROOT/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:318
6	Joomla\CMS\Plugin\PluginHelper::load()	JROOT/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:87
5	Joomla\CMS\Plugin\PluginHelper::getPlugin()	JROOT/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:129
4	Joomla\CMS\Plugin\PluginHelper::isEnabled()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:604
3	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->initialiseApp()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:212
2	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->doExecute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:225
1	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->execute()	JROOT/index.php:49

[Add xdebug.file_link_format directive to your php.ini file to have links for files.]

Query Time: 0.23 ms After last query: 0.08 ms Query memory: 0.021 MB Memory before query: 1.137 MB Rows returned: 2

SELECT b.id

  FROM ref1_usergroups AS a

  LEFT JOIN ref1_usergroups AS b 
  ON b.lft <= a.lft 
  AND b.rgt >= a.rgt

  WHERE a.id = 9

Explain

id	select_type	table	partitions	type	possible_keys	key	key_len	ref	rows	filtered	Extra
1	SIMPLE	a	NULL	const	PRIMARY	PRIMARY	4	const	1	100.00	NULL
1	SIMPLE	b	NULL	range	idx_usergroup_nested_set_lookup	idx_usergroup_nested_set_lookup	4	NULL	2	100.00	Using where; Using index

Profile

Status	Duration
starting	0.04 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
Opening tables	0.01 ms
init	0.01 ms
System lock	0.01 ms
optimizing	0.01 ms
statistics	0.05 ms
preparing	0.01 ms
executing	0.00 ms
Sending data	0.02 ms
end	0.00 ms
query end	0.01 ms
closing tables	0.01 ms
freeing items	0.01 ms
cleaning up	0.00 ms

Call Stack

#	Caller	File and line number
11	JDatabaseDriverMysqli->execute()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/database/driver.php:1550
10	JDatabaseDriver->loadColumn()	JROOT/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:980
9	Joomla\CMS\Access\Access::getGroupsByUser()	JROOT/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:1095
8	Joomla\CMS\Access\Access::getAuthorisedViewLevels()	JROOT/libraries/src/User/User.php:458
7	Joomla\CMS\User\User->getAuthorisedViewLevels()	JROOT/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:318
6	Joomla\CMS\Plugin\PluginHelper::load()	JROOT/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:87
5	Joomla\CMS\Plugin\PluginHelper::getPlugin()	JROOT/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:129
4	Joomla\CMS\Plugin\PluginHelper::isEnabled()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:604
3	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->initialiseApp()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:212
2	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->doExecute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:225
1	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->execute()	JROOT/index.php:49

[Add xdebug.file_link_format directive to your php.ini file to have links for files.]

Query Time: 0.61 ms After last query: 4.34 ms Query memory: 0.006 MB Memory before query: 1.579 MB

UPDATE `ref1_extensions`

  SET `params` = '{\"mediaversion\":\"6c601f094e16d7c44ccce05b77537e14\"}'

  WHERE `type` = 'library' 
  AND `element` = 'joomla'

Explain

id	select_type	table	partitions	type	possible_keys	key	key_len	ref	rows	filtered	Extra
1	UPDATE	ref1_extensions	NULL	range	element_clientid,element_folder_clientid,extension	extension	484	const,const	1	100.00	Using where

Profile

Status	Duration
starting	0.03 ms
checking permissions	0.01 ms
Opening tables	0.02 ms
init	0.01 ms
System lock	0.06 ms
updating	0.05 ms
end	0.01 ms
query end	0.36 ms
closing tables	0.01 ms
freeing items	0.01 ms
cleaning up	0.00 ms

Call Stack

#	Caller	File and line number
13	JDatabaseDriverMysqli->execute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Helper/LibraryHelper.php:117
12	Joomla\CMS\Helper\LibraryHelper::saveParams()	JROOT/libraries/src/Version.php:372
11	Joomla\CMS\Version->setMediaVersion()	JROOT/libraries/src/Version.php:331
10	Joomla\CMS\Version->getMediaVersion()	JROOT/libraries/src/Factory.php:778
9	Joomla\CMS\Factory::createDocument()	JROOT/libraries/src/Factory.php:234
8	Joomla\CMS\Factory::getDocument()	JROOT/plugins/system/jamp/jamp.php:1368
7	PlgSystemJAmp->__construct()	JROOT/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:280
6	Joomla\CMS\Plugin\PluginHelper::import()	JROOT/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:182
5	Joomla\CMS\Plugin\PluginHelper::importPlugin()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:667
4	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->initialiseApp()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:686
3	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->initialiseApp()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:212
2	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->doExecute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:225
1	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->execute()	JROOT/index.php:49

[Add xdebug.file_link_format directive to your php.ini file to have links for files.]

6 Query Types Logged, Sorted by Occurrences.

SELECT Tables:

1 × SELECT `data` 
  FROM `ref1_session`

1 × SELECT `session_id` 
  FROM `ref1_session`

1 × SELECT id, rules 
  FROM `ref1_viewlevels

1 × SELECT b.id 
  FROM ref1_usergroups AS a 
  LEFT JOIN ref1_usergroups AS b 
  ON b.lft <= a.lft 
  AND b.rgt >= a.rgt

OTHER Tables:

1 × INSERT INTO `ref1_session` (`session_id`,`guest`,`time`,`userid`,`username`,`client_id`) 
  VALUES  (X'3735383166373439646564623166343531356564343433383735633635306631', 1, 1713979521, 0, '', 0

1 × UPDATE `ref1_extensions` 
  SET `params` = '{\"mediaversion\":\"6c601f094e16d7c44ccce05b77537e14\"}'

The hand of Napoleon

HE-1812-0494

Hidden hand or missing hand?

Hidden hand

Joomla! Debug Console

Session

Profile Information

Time

Memory

Memory Usage

Database Queries

6 Queries Logged 2.52 ms

6 Query Types Logged, Sorted by Occurrences.

SELECT Tables:

OTHER Tables: